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Evolution Korea
South Korea's democracy is prone to populist inclinations. It's still more stable than we had hoped for.
The country is looking for a new way of developing. A Confucian culture that stresses respect for the ancestors and gendered family relations continues to influence the society. There are indications of a secularist cultural trend emerging.
Origins
In the prehistoric era the ancestors of modern Koreans were capable of surviving by hunting and gathering wild food. In the tens of thousands of years after, they began to grow crops including millet and beans. They also raised livestock and made furs. They also established tribal states one after another in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also created an industry of metalworking, making bronze tools, and later iron ones. They traded with other states and introduced celadon, paper making block printing art styles, as well as writing to Japan.
In 2333 BCE Gojoseon was established on the southern part of the peninsula. The state embraced Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture, including Confucian philosophy. During this time, the people of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical society with a monarch and top officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy while the rest of the population were peasants. The state imposed taxes on these citizens, and sometimes required them to join the army or take part in projects of the government, like building fortifications.
By the end of the period the state of Baekje was established by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. The new kingdom grew into the southwest part of the peninsula, and fought with China's commandos and Goguryeo's in the region. Baekje incorporated aspects of Confucian thinking into its state beliefs and made the male-centric filiopiety idea as a law in 1390 CE. Under the guise filiopiety, fathers were responsible to their families. They were expected to be obeyed by all and admired by even their children and grandchildren.
Goryeo, a nation that ruled from 918 until 1392 CE and gave the world the Hangul Alphabet based on the patterns created by the mouth when pronouncing. This greatly improved communication and led to a rise in the writing of Buddhist text. Woodblock printing and the movable metal type were also improved. In 1145 CE the Samguk Sagi, or "History of the Three Kingdoms" was first recorded.
Evolution in Korea
The Korean peninsula has been inhabited since Neolithic times. Early evidence for human settlements is evident in the form of graves lined with stones, with precious items like amazonite jewelry being buried alongside the dead. Megalithic structures, known as dolmens and built of single large stones, are common in the country.
Gojoseon became the first political state to be recognized during the first half of 1st millennium BCE. After that the peninsula was ruled by several states during the Three Kingdoms period (57 BC- 635 CE) including Baekje Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla. Moreover, the northern region of the peninsula was occupied by the Balhae kingdom, which the majority of historians do not consider to be a legitimate Korean state.
After the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states arose in the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Baekje is the most powerful of these states was diminished by the collapse of Goguryeo (676 CE) and was left with only its southern territories in Manchuria, and the western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy, prospered for a while.
The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to cooperate to expand their territories. In the final, Silla, with significant Chinese assistance, defeated all other states and unified the peninsula in 935 CE.
As Korea enters a post-crisis era its development model appears to be in flux. People who are shocked by the enormous cost of the old system are urging the need for a comprehensive program of liberalization of capital as well as labor markets. On the other hand, those who support the old system are seeking to protect it by using nationalist sentiments and exaggerating fears of job loss.
Academics and analysts are divided over the extent to which Korea's growth is being driven by these two trends. This article analyzes the five phases of Korea's evolution in terms of its political development that include illiberal democracies (1945-60) democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism click here (1972-1877), democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and democratic participation (2002). This article also identifies the key factors that appear to be the driving force behind these developments.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26 percent of the population is Christian. The creationists have been successful in promoting their views to this population. A 2009 survey revealed that almost a third of respondents did not believe in the theory of evolution. Of the respondents, 41% stated that there was not enough evidence from science to support the theory 39% of respondents said that the theory did not align with their beliefs; and 17% said it was difficult to grasp. The level of doubt is similar to that of the United States where a similar number do not believe that humans evolved from less advanced forms of life.
In the past, the majority of the anti-evolution movement in Korea was focused on teaching college students and bringing them to Christ. A significant rise in interest in creation science came in the year 1980, following a four-day seminar held during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul which included Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the featured speakers. This event attracted a huge number of pastors, professors, church leaders, and scientists.
The success of this event led to the establishment of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31st 1981. The meeting was covered extensively in the national media, including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times.
KACR began publishing a monthly newsletter called CREATION, in which it published its activities and also published articles on scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated slides and film strips from ICR as well as a few books on creationism which were published outside of Korea. KACR members taught throughout the nation in universities and churches.
A KACR success was observed at KAIST University in Seoul. Students at the KAIST university in Seoul were so keen on the concept of creationism that they raised money and secured funding to build a small creationist museum on campus.
In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine, CREATION, which covers topics in creation science. It has also sponsored a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also organized local branches that hold seminars and provide talks to children in schools and community groups.
Changes in South Korea
In the latter half of the nineteenth century and the early 20th century, Korea began to adopt an increasingly Westernized lifestyle. The traditional hanbok, or Korean dress, gave way to miniskirts and other style elements from abroad. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by jazz and rock & roll. In this period the samulnori, or masked dance-dramas, were popular with the general public. These dramatic pieces were performed to the beat of shaman drums and other musical instruments.
The economic crisis has formed Korea's new development paradigm. The biggest challenge facing the new regime is to find a balance between market-oriented and state-led economic policies. It also requires changing incentives, monitoring, or disciplining schemes which have shaped the system prior to the crisis. These issues are discussed in Chapters 3 and 4.
The Baekje was founded by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established jointly by people living along the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other regions, as well as people from northern China. In the 4th century, in the early part of, Baekje was a major regional power and expanded its territory as far as Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. Consequently, it came into frequent conflict with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanderies across the border.
The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries resulted in the rise of powerful local factions. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as its capital. He ruled a portion of the present-day Jeolla province as well as Chungcheong. Later, he relocated the capital to Wansanju and became a rival to Goguryeo.
However his rule was not long-lasting. After Gungye's defeat, he was overthrown by an influential local leader, Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935. Later Baekje was peacefully incorporated into Goryeo as an alternative state. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened the centrally-run system. This marked the end of the Three Kingdoms Period. The Korean peninsula was later controlled by the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo Baekje Silla slowly grew into powerful states on the peninsula and in Manchuria.